A meta-analysis of 29 case-control studies found an increased relative risk of PCa in men with a history of any STI with an odds ratio of 1.5 and 95% Confidence Interval (CI), (1.3-1.7).
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In particular, Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) have been implicated in PCa etiology in many studies. Several pieces of evidence support an infectious pathway in PCa development. It has been suggested that PIA is a precursor lesion of PCa and several genetic mutations have been identified in PIA, including glutathione S-transferase pi 1 (GSTP1) hypermethylation, p53 mutations, and alterations on chromosome 8.
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Proliferative Inflammatory Atrophy (PIA) is common in normal and cancerous prostate and is a regenerative lesion after injury or trauma. Pooled data from population studies on PCa risk have reported an 80% increase in the risk of PCA in men with a history of prostatitis, although the detection of potential bias plays a role in it. The underlying causes of PCa are not fully understood, but it is likely to occur due to a combination of factors, such as aging, family history and dietary factors in addition to infectious agents. It is the second leading cause of cancer-related death in men in the United States. 241,740 new cases and 28,170 deaths were estimated in 2012. PCa is a biologically heterogeneous tumor and is one of the leading causes of cancer death in men.
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When the gland becomes larger it ‘squeezes’ the urethra, thus causing several complications, such as difficulty urinating and frequent urination during the day. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH), which is not a cancer, is common among older men and occurs when the prostate gland is enlarged. This gland is susceptible to various pathological conditions, among which both malignant and benign conditions are the most common. The prostate gland is one of the most essential male accessory glands.